CHAPTER ONE
(The First 200 Years
of the Early Church)

Very soon after Jesus went back to heaven, Satan began to bring error into the church. While the apostle Paul was preaching he said, "For I know this, that after my departing shall grievous wolves enter in among you, not sparing the flock. Also of your own selves shall men arise, speaking perverse things, to draw away disciples after them." Acts 20:29,30.

One of the ways that Satan spread error was through a well-respected college in Alexandria, which was located in Northern Africa.

For more than 200 years before Jesus came to earth, there were Jewish leaders who went to this school. They were taught to compromise with pagan ideas and to accept the use of tradition along with the Hebrew scriptures. That is why many of the leaders in Israel did not recognize Jesus as the Messiah when He came. They were looking for a Messiah who would defeat the Romans and make Israel strong and prosperous. They were not looking for – and did not want – a Messiah who came to provide a way of escape from sin and Satan's power. Because of these wrong ideas the Jewish leaders were able to kill the Son of God and not even realize the awfulness of their sin.

The Alexandrian college taught what is called the allegorical method. Rather than accepting events in the Bible as really happening, or places mentioned in the scriptures as being real cities or towns, they were taught to make them represent something. An example of this type of teaching comes from Rabbi Zakkai (around AD 70) where he taught that unclean animals listed in the Old Testament, such as the hare and the pig, referred to Greece and Rome rather than to the actual animals. Another teacher, Jerome, taught that the Holy City that John the Revelator wrote about was really talking about the present world.

Dr. Wilkinson tells us that Clement, one of the best-known teachers at Alexandria (CAD194), and his famous pupil, Origen, taught students how to allegorize the Bible. They taught that the Bishop of Rome (the pope) was the supreme leader and there was no salvation if you did not belong to the Roman Church. Origen said, "Both Jews and Christians believe that the Bible was written by the Holy Spirit, but we disagree with the interpretation of what is contained in it. Nor do we live like the Jews, since we consider that it is not the literal interpretation of the law which contains the spirit of the legislation." (CopticChurch.net).

This same reasoning is given by churches today as to why they don't keep the seventh-day Sabbath. They say that they now keep the "spirit of the law" and that they do not need to keep the actual "words" of the law. We know that Jesus said in Matthew 5:17, "Think not that I am come to destroy the law, or the prophets: I am not come to destroy, but to fulfil." We also are told in Revelation 14:12, "Here is the patience of the saints: here are they that keep the commandments of God, and the faith of Jesus."

We sometimes hear people questioning whether the Bible can be believed just as it was written. They claim that some of the stories just couldn't have happened the way they were told, so they look for other ways to explain them. Many of these arguments can be traced back to Clement and Origen.  Origen discussed how the story of the Flood caused some problems since there couldn't possibly be room in the ark for all the different animals in the world. Origen taught that there was a real ark that floated on the water, but that represented the Church in the future which will escape from the fire at the end of the world.

Today you may have heard people question whether the literal six days of creation can be believed as Moses wrote them in Genesis. This is not new. Origen wrote almost two thousand years ago, "Could any man of sound judgment suppose that the first, second, and third days (of creation) had an evening and a morning, when there were as yet no sun or moon or stars? Could anyone be so unintelligent as to think that God made a paradise somewhere in the east and planted it with trees, like a farmer, or that in that paradise he put a tree of life, a tree you could see and know with your senses, a tree you could derive life from by eating its fruit with the teeth in your head? When the Bible says that God used to walk in paradise in the evening or that Adam hid behind a tree, no one, I think, will question that these are only fictitious stories of things that never actually happened, and that figuratively they refer to certain mysteries." (CopticChurch.net)

It is a serious thing to change God's Word and make it say something to suit your own ideas. God's true children will accept what the Bible says even though everything may not be perfectly clear to them now.  Revelation 22:18 warns us, "If any man shall add unto these things (in God's Word), God shall add unto him the plagues that are written in this book."

We know that Satan and his agents have worked hard to cover up things that would convince us of the truth of the Bible. Dr. Carl Baugh tells about a huge seam of coal that men were digging in the United States. They uncovered many large human bones that were in with all the coal. This was powerful evidence of a flood, so it was ordered that this coal mine be flooded with water so no one could go into that area again. Today there is a dam sitting over this site.

Within 100 years of Paul's death, Tertullian (AD150 – 235), a church leader, was teaching oblations (special ceremonies) for the dead, making the sign of the cross on the forehead, and dipping people in the water three times to baptize. For those who questioned his practices he wrote: "If, for these and other such rules, you insist upon having positive Scripture injunction, you will find none. Tradition will be held forth to you as the originator of them, custom as the strengthener, and faith as their observer." Truth Triumphant 53.

Just 200 years after Jesus went back to heaven there was a crisis within the church. People would have to decide if the scriptures should be read and obeyed as they were written or whether man-made traditions would direct their lives.

CHAPTER TWO
Lucian (CAD 250 – 312)
(Lucian and the Church in Syria)

As a crisis developed within the early Christian Church a defender of truth was needed. God found His hero in Lucian (CAD250 – 312) who was born in Antioch.

We are told in the Bible that most of the leadership of the early Christian church remained in Jerusalem to preach about Jesus. This was obeying what Jesus had told His disciples before He went back to heaven. He said that they should go and preach the gospel to the whole world, "beginning at Jerusalem." (Luke 24:47).

The early stories found in Acts took place in Jerusalem, but when the Roman army destroyed Jerusalem in AD 70 many of the Christians fled to Antioch, the capital of Syria. In Acts 11:26 we are told, "The disciples were called Christians first in Antioch."

Antioch was a center of Greek life and culture. It was famous for its beautiful buildings, paintings and artwork. Young Lucian had to choose between the power, wealth, elegance and impurity of life in Antioch or the simple, quiet, and pious life found in the hundreds of Christian villages and cities in the surrounding areas. Dr. Wilkinson writes, "At that time they (these villages and cities) were the flourishing home of a learned, devoted Christianity, clinging closely to the early simplicity of the gospel, and refusing to adopt the unscriptural teachings and customs of heathenism which were gaining ground in some professed Christian bodies.

"The early years of Lucian were years of great contrast. He quickly discerned that there were two movements talking shape in Christendom, one loose in doctrine and affiliating itself with heathenism, the other based on the deep foundations of the Christian faith." Truth Triumphant 46.

If you were fortunate enough to visit this area of Syria today, you would find hundreds of ruins of what are called "the silent cities of Syria." These well laid-out cities are almost perfectly preserved, with architecturally beautiful houses which still have their balconies, chairs, basins, oil and wine presses and vats, water cisterns and family tombs.

On some stone doorposts there are carved inscriptions that tell us these families were followers of God. On a large house it says, "Lord, protect this house and all those living in it, Amen." And on another building you can read, "To Christ the Victory, Away Satan!"  In one town some prominent buildings had inscriptions which read, "Our Lord Jesus Christ, the Son, the Word of God, dwells here; let no evil enter" or "The Lord shall preserve thy going out and thy coming in" and "If God be for us, who can be against us?"

Because Antioch was on the border between Rome and Persia, news, decrees and culture steadily streamed into that city.  Lucian soon saw that "the churches of Rome and Alexandria had entered into an alliance. Alexandria had, for more than two centuries before Christ, been the real capital of the Jews who were compromising with paganism." Truth Triumphant 47.

Reviewing the history of the Jewish nation Lucien could see the effect of accepting the Greek education taught in Alexandria. It was because of their acceptance of Greek culture - the sports, arts and education - that the Jews were unprepared to accept the Messiah when He came to earth. Lucien could see a similar crisis coming into Christianity and he knew that God's education would be the only safety against the Greek education from Alexandria.

"The church at Alexandria was in this atmosphere. The city of Rome had been for seven hundred years, and was still to be for some time, the world capital of paganism. This environment greatly influenced the church at Rome. Lucian grew up in the churches of Syria and of the Near East, which were modeled after the churches of Judea. Here was the divine pattern for further believers. Lucian founded a college at Antioch which strove to counteract the dangerous ecclesiastical alliance between Rome and Alexandria." Truth Triumphant 47.

There were four things which separated the two colleges. (1) Those that started the college at Alexandria exalted tradition. (2) Clement, the most famous teacher at Alexandria, boasted that he would not teach Christianity unless it were mixed with pagan philosophy. (3) Victor I, bishop of Rome, made an agreement with Clement, (about AD 190) for his help to make Sunday the prominent day of worship in the church. (4) Victor I said anyone who would not cooperate with him in making Easter always come on Sunday would be excommunicated (thrown out of the church). The school at Alexandria was in full support of this ruling.

It was from this time that there began to be seen a real separation between the Church of the East and the Church of Rome. The school in Antioch trained many young people in theology, the arts, sciences, and architecture. Those defenders of the faith followed the counsel of Jude in his epistle: "Ye should earnestly contend for the faith which was once delivered unto the saints." Jude 3.

Lucian's greatest gift to Protestant history was his editing of what we call today the Textus Receptus, or Received Text. Lucian took all the manuscripts that were known to the early Christians and compiled them together into one "New Testament." "The Protestant denominations are built upon that manuscript of the Greek New Testament, sometimes called the Textus Receptus, or Received Text. It is that Greek New Testament from which the writings of the apostles in Greek have been translated into English, German, Dutch, and other languages. During the Dark Ages, the Received Text was practically unknown outside the Greek Church. It was restored to Christendom by the labors of that great scholar, Erasmus. It is altogether too little know that the real editor of the Received Text was Lucian. None of Lucian's enemies fail to credit him with this work. Neither Lucian nor Erasmus, but rather the apostles wrote the Greek New Testament." Truth Triumphant 50.

Origen, the teacher at the Alexandrian college, also made translations and commentaries of the Bible. These were written in such a way that they allowed many kinds of errors to be introduced into Christianity. Satan knows that if he can change the Word of God he can lead people into believing his lies.

David Otis Fuller tells us in his book, Which Bible?, that the Textus Receptus was the Bible of the early Eastern Christians. From this manuscript came the Bibles for the great Syrian church, the Waldensian Church of northern Italy, the Gallic Church in southern France, the Celtic Church in Scotland, and Ireland, and the Greek Catholic Church.

The question could be asked – Why did the early churches and all the Protestant Reformers choose the Textus Receptus when translating their Bibles?

• Textus Receptus is based on the vast majority (90%) of the 5000+ Greek manuscripts in existence. That is why it is also called the Majority Text.
• Textus Receptus is not mutilated with deletions, additions and amendments, as is the Minority Text. 
• Textus Receptus agrees with the earliest versions of the Bible: Peshitta (AD150), Old Latin Vulgate (AD157), the Italic Bible (AD157) etc. These Bibles were produced 200 years before the minority Egyptian codices favored by the Roman Church. Remember this vital point.
• Textus Receptus agrees with the vast majority of the 86,000+ citations from scripture by the early church fathers.
• Textus Receptus is untainted with Egyptian philosophy and unbelief.
• Textus Receptus strongly upholds the fundamental doctrines of the Christian faith: the creation account in Genesis, the divinity of Jesus Christ, the virgin birth, the Saviour's miracles, his bodily resurrection, his literal return and the cleansing power of his blood!
• Textus Receptus was – and still is – the enemy of the Roman Church. This is an important fact to remember. 

• "The school at Antioch, founded by Lucian, developed a system of theology, so real that though all the power of the papacy was thrown against it, it finally prevailed…
• "The Antioch system of theology extended from England to China and from Turkestan to Ethiopia…. 
• "Lucian and his school produced and edited a definite and complete Bible….
• "The text which Lucian gave to the world was to all intents pure and correct. Even his opponents declare that there are no Greek New Testaments older than Lucian's….
• "The theology of Antioch stood for the binding obligation of the Ten Commandments….
• "The theology of Antioch teaches salvation for sinful man through the substitutionary death of Christ on the cross….
• "The majority of the churches of Syria and of the East continued to observe Saturday, the Sabbath of the fourth commandment from the days of the apostles and throughout the centuries….
• "The church organization developed by the apostles and continued largely by Syrian theology was simple and evangelical. Fundamentally, it rejected the union of church and state…." Truth Triumphant 59-61.

*For more information on Bible Translations you may wish to read: Battle of the Bible by H.H. Meyers;  New Age Bible Versions by Gail Riplinger; Which Bible? By David Otis Fuller; The Authorized Bible Vindicated by B.G. Wilkinson.

CHAPTER THREE
Vigilantius (AD 364 – 408)
(Vigilantius, Leader of the Waldenses)

As we learned in the previous chapter, errors began creeping into the beliefs and practices of the early church soon after the apostles died. If truth was going to be kept alive God would need brave defenders to protest against Satan's errors. One of the earliest "protest-ant" was Helvidius I (AD 300-360). He was from northern Italy and spoke out against a man named Jerome, who was writing a Bible for the Roman Church. Jerome's Vulgate, the Latin Bible of the papacy, used corrupted Greek manuscripts from Alexandria rather than the pure manuscripts that Lucian had edited.

Helvidius also spoke out against some of the new teachings of the church where Mary was called the "Blessed Virgin," and the new belief that she remained a virgin all her life. This was directly opposite to the teaching of the Bible in Matthew 1:24, 25. We read,  "Then Joseph being raised from sleep did as the angel of the Lord had bidden him, and took unto him his wife: And knew her not till she had brought forth her firstborn son: and he called his name Jesus."

The second reformer was also from northern Italy. His name was Jovinian (AD 330-390). He also  taught against Rome's new teachings. He said that it was as honorable for a woman to be a wife as for her to remain a virgin. The Roman Church was teaching that truly religious women should not marry and instead should give their life to work for the church. Jovinian said that fasting and eating with thanksgiving are equally pleasing to God, that a person baptized with the Spirit and water cannot sin (see: 1 John 3:9), that all sins are equal, and that all who are good will receive the same heavenly reward (See: Revelation 22:14).

It is likely that the followers of Jovinian took refuge in the northern valleys of Italy where their Bible-based teachings were to have a great impact on the reformation hundreds of years later.

After Jovinian, Vigilantius came forward in the battle for God's truths. "Vigilantius has been called 'The Forerunner of the Reformation,' and 'One of the earliest of our Protestant forefathers.'" Truth Triumphant 75. He was "the earliest leader of prominence among the noble Waldenses in northern Italy and southern France." Truth Triumphant 63. This strong defender of truth was born in southern France, near the Pyrenees Mountains, where his father kept one of the inns where people could rest, eat, and change horses while traveling the well-kept road that connected the Roman Empire.

From an early age Vigilantius would have been exposed to important people traveling from countries which we know today as Great Britain, various European countries like France and Spain, Greece, Turkey, the Holy Land and Egypt. Many would have been merchants, ambassadors, couriers, and bishops along with ordinary travelers. Vigilantius was exposed to the various languages and customs of these visitors and he was very interested in learning about the world he was growing up in.

As a young man Vigilantius worked for one of the great historians of that time, Sulpicious Severus. "Vigilantius early learned to love his employer. He admired greatly the brilliant intellect of this man who could feed the hungry, clothe the poor, and visit the sick, while engaged in many literary labors." Truth Triumphant 64. It was through watching his employer that Vigilantius began to see some new and strange things being done under the name of Christianity.

Sulpicious went to visit Martin, bishop of Tours, and when he came back he told stories of that pious man sleeping on the cold ground with only ashes under him and sackcloth to cover him. Martin said "a Christian ought to die on ashes." He did not wear warm clothes, even in the winter or when sick, and ate only unwholesome food. All of these actions were looked at by Sulpicious as evidence that Martin of Tours had a very deep religious experience. He worried that if he did not follow this example of self-denial that maybe he wasn't spiritual enough to be saved.

Vigilantius was not so sure. He watched Sulpicious turn from obedience to the pure words of the Bible to instead follow after visions and miracles. He saw a well-respected gentleman, Paulinus of Nola, praying in front of images to his favorite saint, and Vigilantius felt that he must write and speak against these heathen practices which  were being adopted into the church.

Vigilantius traveled to Bethlehem to see Jerome, the man who wrote the Latin Bible which was used by the papacy. He found him shrunken from long fasts and mortifications (like sleeping on hard and cold floors, whipping his back and not dressing in warm enough clothes). Some church leaders were teaching that in order to serve the church best, men should not marry and instead live in secluded places (likes caves or deserts) away from normal homes. Vigilantius did some serious thinking. These man-made rules made him decide that he could have nothing to do with those that were following the teachings coming from the college at Alexandria. Their unscriptural theology and use of pagan ceremonies made it impossible for him to compromise with them to keep peace in the church. Like Jesus he said, "I came not to send peace, but a sword." Matthew 10:34.

Vigilantius taught:

• That those who reverenced relics were idolaters. (Exodus 20:4, 5)
• That continence (self-restraint) and celibacy were wrong, as leading to the worst scandals. (1 Timothy 3:2-4)
• That lighting candles in churches, during the day, in honor of the martyrs was wrong, because that was a heathen rite.
• That Apostles and martyrs had no presence at their tombs. (Ecclesiastes 9:5, 6)
• That it was useless to pray for the dead. (Ecclesiastes 9:5, 6)
• That it was better to keep wealth and practice habitual charity than to give away all one's property and become poor and needy.
• That it was wrong to retire into the desert.

"Satan will arouse indignation against the minority who refuse to accept popular customs and traditions. . . . Persecuting rulers, ministers, and church members will conspire against them. With voice and pen, by boasts, threats, and ridicule, they will seek to overthrow their faith. . . . Not having a 'Thus saith the Scriptures' to bring against the advocates of the Bible Sabbath, they will resort to oppressive enactments to supply the lack. To secure popularity and patronage, legislators will yield to the demand for Sunday laws. But those who fear God cannot accept an institution that violates a precept of the Decalogue. On this battlefield will be fought the last great conflict in the controversy between truth and error." The Faith I Live By 311.

CHAPTER FOUR
Patrick (CAD 360 -461)
(Patrick, Organizer of Church in Ireland)

Most of you have heard about St. Patrick. Every March there is a day named in his honor where people wear green and you see lots of shamrocks. Patrick is known as the father of Irish Christianity. We can be grateful for Dr. Wilkinson's research that is so different from what is written in most books today. As we study about this early hero of truth you will hear a history that only careful searching could have uncovered. Some of what we learn you may not have heard before because in a way there are two "Patricks" – the one that belonged to the Church in the Wilderness and then the fictional Patrick.

Patrick belonged to the Celtic race that lived in what today are England, Scotland and Ireland. History tells us that the Celts were descendants of Gomer, a grandson of Noah. Celtic Christianity came from  churches in Asia Minor which sent missionaries to France and also to what we call today Great Britain. These Christians were known as the British Celtic Christians.

You may find it interesting that this well-known Irishman was not born in Ireland. Although many places have been listed as the birthplace of Patrick, Dr. Wilkinson believes that he was born in the kingdom of Strathclyde which was part of England, then referred to as "the Britains." Rome controlled this area and Patrick was probably born a Roman citizen, like the apostle Paul. His grandfather had been a presbyter (a high church leader) and his father took an active role as a deacon. Although surrounded by Christian influences, Patrick was young when he turned his back on God. When he was almost sixteen years old he was captured and carried away to Ireland.

Of this time Patrick says, "I did not know the true God; and was taken to Ireland in captivity with many thousand men in accordance with our deserts, because we walked at a distance from God and did not observe His commandments." (This was taken from his writing, Confession.) During his seven years of captivity he learned to know, love, and obey God through the school of affliction. Like the prodigal son, he worked for his captor taking care of animals. He experienced hunger and nakedness, which turned his thoughts and heart back to his family and what he had been taught about God as a child. When he escaped and returned to his former home he was a truly converted Christian.

During his years as a captive Patrick became fluent in the Irish form of the Celtic language, which would be very important in his later preaching and teaching. He felt that God was calling him to spread the gospel to the people of Ireland who were living under the superstitions and practices of the Druids. These people believed in reincarnation (the belief that people come back again and again to the earth and live sometimes as animals or people or trees), they did divination (telling the future) and would use magic to cast spells.

Many of the Druid's pagan holidays were not destroyed but rather were changed into the Roman Church's holy days. For instance the Druid's Winter Solstice became Christmas; the festival Ostara, named after the goddess Isthar, became Easter; Samhaim – when they honored the dead, became Halloween and All Saint's Day; and Imbolc – which was held on February 2nd was moved to February 14th as St. Valentine's Day.

Patrick knew the strong influence of the Druids and he knew that for Christianity to grow in the future, education was very important. He established training centers like Bangor, Clonard, and Armagh. These were Bible schools where the gospel was taught so its students could go and continue to spread the gospel.

The Itala Bible, which Patrick used, was the first translation from Greek to Latin three hundred years before the Latin Vulgate was translated. Part of the students' studies included the copying of scripture so that others could have God's Word to study and memorize.

By the seventh century much of Europe was heading into what we call the Dark Ages when most of the people lived in poverty, illiteracy (they couldn't read or write) and superstition. In contrast, Ireland was known at that time as the "land of saints and scholars." Much of the credit for the literate population, the busy schools, and the beautiful copies of the Itala Bible (which are famous even today for their gorgeous penmanship and artwork) goes to Patrick. It is believed that as many as 350 churches were established, and over 120,000 people were converted. Although most of Europe was falling into the Dark Ages, Ireland continued to be a beacon of light as its people were taught the scriptures.

We know that Patrick used the Itala Bible rather than Jerome's Vulgate, and that he permitted his pastors to marry, which went against the practice of celibacy which the Roman Church was practicing. He obeyed the Ten Commandments, and Dr. Wilkinson tells us that the Celtic Church "kept Saturday as a day of rest, with special religious services on Sunday." In talking about Columba (a student of Patrick's) we are told that "in this matter the Scots had perhaps kept up the traditional usage of the ancient Irish Church which observed Saturday instead of Sunday as the day of rest." Truth Triumphant 95.

During Patrick's day there were theological arguments swirling through Christianity. The Council of Nicaea, held in AD 325, started a controversy about how to state the relationship of the Three Persons of the Godhead – Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. The Roman Church taught that there were "three Divine Persons in one body." They did not agree with the teaching that Jesus died as man's substitute upon the cross and that the Ten Commandments were still to be obeyed as they were written in Exodus 20. Patrick, however, taught that Jesus died our death on the cross, that the law was to be honored and obeyed, and that when Jesus died the Father and the Holy Spirit were untouched by His death.

Although Patrick stood against many of the teachings of the Roman Church, they ended up making him into a saint of their church. Many years later when the Roman Church began to try to win Ireland to her beliefs, she found the nation's love for Patrick was very deep and loyal. Rather than try to defame his name they decided to create their own Patrick - one who performed marvelous miracles. There were stories of Patrick making a stone float so a poor leper could have a ride to Ireland, and of him chasing all the snakes out of Ireland. They made up stories of him bringing many relics from Rome - including a sheet with Christ's blood on it and some of the hair of Jesus' mother. Little by little the real stories of Patrick were replaced by the imaginary ones.

For over nine hundred years the church of Ireland stood against the Roman Church's attempts to take it over, but in the middle of the twelfth century it was put under papal rule. As one author put it, "In the centuries to follow, [Patrick's] legacy as a faithful Sabbath-keeper would quickly be shrouded with half-truths and mysticism due to the eventual overthrow of the Celtic Church. (The victor always writes history.)…Sadly, the truth behind his powerful work is twisted and dimly lit, but that doesn't mean the real truth can't be told….It is a lesson we should not forget. Ireland prospered in peace for centuries as it obeyed God's commands by [Patrick's] lead. After it incorporated unholy doctrines and practices, it fell into despair and was subjugated by oppression and cruelty." (Anthony Lester, Amazing Facts Inside Report).

CHAPTER FIVE
COLUMBA AND THE CHURCH IN SCOTLAND
(521 - 597)

Columba was born in Ireland in AD 521. When he was born he was given two names – Crimthann (which means "Wolf") and Colum (which means "dove"). Because of his love for God, and his kind and simple life he was best known as Colum (a dove) rather than the fiercer Crimthann. He was of royal blood but, like Moses, he chose to give up his claims to a throne and instead became a servant of God.

The most famous schools in Ireland at that time were the ones built from Patrick's work. Columba attended the schools at Moville, Leinster, and Clonard. It was at Clonard that he studied under Finnian, who was so famous and well respected that enrollment at his university was said to be 3000 students. It was here that Columba learned the art of copying and illustrating the Bible. Columba is said to have copied 300 New Testaments himself. Remember, there were no computers or printing presses in those days – each copy was done by hand. He is known to have used the Itala Bible, which was the version favored by Patrick.

One of the events to affect Columba's religious beliefs was the Council of Constantinople that took place in AD 553. "At that council, the churches of the Roman Empire surrendered their freedom to the papacy. Offended at the unscriptural [changes]…four large communions in the East – the Armenian, the Coptic, the Jacobite, and the Church of the East (often falsely called the Nestorian Church) – separated from the western hierarchy. The news of these revolutionary happenings had come to the ears of the Celtic believers throughout the British Isles." Truth Triumphant 100, 101. The church in Ireland knew that they would have to prepare themselves to meet a similar confrontation with the Roman Church.

Columba finished his schooling when he was twenty-five and went to Northern Ireland where he built a school and church at Derry. This place is now known as Londonderry. After establishing this training center, Columba spent the next seven years setting up as many as three hundred churches and many church schools throughout Ireland. He helped the sick and poor and was respected and loved by all.

Yet Columba had plans to become a missionary. Scotland was the land he chose for spreading the gospel. Much of Scotland was pagan, and since one of his relatives had won a kingdom in what was then called Caledonia, Columba decided this would be a good place to establish a center of education that would train young people to go as missionaries with the gospel of Jesus Christ.

The island that he was given permission to build on was named Iona. On this small island, Columba began to build a school that would become world-famous.  For 641 years the followers of Columba lived on this island until they were driven out by the Benedictine monks in 1204.

Here on Iona the students received the highest Biblical training, studied the sciences (such as astronomy), learned Greek and Latin along with gaining knowledge in agriculture, baking, mechanics, music, and architecture. The students learned how to build simple churches, homes and other buildings. Both students and teachers spent time in a work program in addition to their studies. Much of their day was spent in working the large orchards, meadows, and gardens that supplied food for those living on Iona. Others helped in the bakehouse, worked at mechanical pursuits and other manual labor.

It has been said that it often took eighteen years of training at this school before students were ordained. They finished with a thorough knowledge of God's Word, which made them powerful leaders and preachers. They were able to reproduce large portions of scripture, and had the capabilities needed to start their own school and churches.

Columba taught his followers that their beliefs and practices must be based on the Bible and the Bible only. They were taught never to accept as truth any doctrine not found in the Bible. The students were required to memorize much of the Scriptures, and the songs they sung were often Psalms set to music. For an example of an eighth century Irish hymn you might want to read the words for "Be Thou My Vision."

The young people of Iona were taught the basic doctrines of Christianity such as the divinity of Christ, baptism, the atonement (what Christ is doing in the heavenly sanctuary today), inspiration of the Scriptures, and the prophecies connected with the last days. They did rejected the papal doctrines of infallibility (that the Roman Church is always correct), celibacy (the priests cannot marry), transubstantiation (the communion bread becomes the real body of Jesus, and the grape juice becomes the real blood of Jesus when the priest prays over the bread and wine), the confessional (telling a person your sins so you can be forgiven), the mass, relic worship, image adoration, burning candles and incense in front of a tomb, and the primacy of Peter. 

One of the important activities on Iona was making copies of the Gospels. These scriptures were not only carefully reproduced but were beautifully decorated with artwork which had a Byzantine and Irish influence.

Iona, like the many other churches and schools that Columba had established, was well organized. Each school had a headman who was usually called the abbot. The spiritual leader of Iona was given the special name of "coarb" and he was looked upon as the spiritual successor of Columba. The pastors were given the name "Culdee" which meant "man of God."

Columba went back to Ireland and visited and taught at many of the schools and churches that he had built before going to Scotland. In a short period of time these missionary churches covered the British Isles as well as much of the continent of Europe with the truth of the gospel.

We know that the Culdee Church kept the seventh-day Sabbath as Patrick and the church in Ireland did. "It seems to have been customary, in the Celtic churches of early times, in Ireland as well as Scotland, to keep Saturday, the Jewish Sabbath, as a day of rest from labor. They obeyed the fourth commandment, literally, upon the seventh day of the week." Truth Triumphant 114.

At the time of Columba's death it was recorded, "Having continued his labors in Scotland thirty-four years, he clearly and openly foretold his death, and on Saturday, the ninth of June, said to his disciple Diermit: 'This day is called the Sabbath, that is, the day of rest, and such will it truly be to me; for it will put an end to my labors.'" Truth Triumphant 108.

CHAPTER SIX
COLUMBA'S LEGACY

After the death of Columba, the leadership of Iona was taken over by Baithen. This great man was an experienced missionary who had built a training center on the island of Tiree. It was said that he was the most knowledgeable person in both the Scriptures and in science, of anyone living west of the Alps.

The next four hundred years saw great events take place in England, Scotland, and Ireland. There were many battles between the kingdoms in England and Scotland. All three countries were invaded by the Danes who conquered England and Ireland. There also was intense pressure put on the Celtic Church by the ever-growing papacy. Some of the kingdoms accepted the power of the papacy to help them regain their power from their invaders. The Roman Church worked through the armies of powerful papal states such as Germany, France and Spain.  Those that favored the Celtic Church couldn't see any country in Europe that had not made an alliance with Rome. This left the British Isles in a vulnerable position and the papacy was quick to take advantage.

Within 125 years of Columba's death the Picts had been swayed by Rome to begin keeping the Roman Easter (which always fell on a Sunday) and ordered all the Columban pastors to leave.

Yet not everyone was against the Celtic Church. When Kenneth MacAlpine, king of the Scots, united both the Picts and the Scots into one kingdom a little over 125 years later, he quickly brought back the Culdee pastors to lead their former churches.

Because of the deep love and respect that was held for the memory of Columba and his successors, the Scottish Church remained true to most of the ideals that had been handed down to them for over 500 years.

Then in 1058 Malcolm III (or Malcolm Canmore) came to the throne. He had been educated in England with the English king, Edward the Confessor, who was a loyal Roman Catholic. Malcolm was not well grounded in the Celtic doctrines. It was at his coronation that Celtic Christianity began a fierce struggle to survive.

Satan set a plan in motion that would help destroy the Culdee church. As he has often done in the past, he used someone the king loved to influence him for evil. Satan knows how to use "peer pressure" even on adults. This is what happened: Malcolm III married a woman named Margaret. She was a member of one of the royal houses of England, but had lived in Hungary where she became a devoted Catholic and planned to enter a nunnery. She did agree to marry Malcolm, but she insisted that she be allowed to take charge of the religious affairs of England. Dr. Wilkinson tells us, "Margaret found the Scottish Church a church of the people; she determined to make it the church of the monarch." Truth Triumphant 111.

Now began a battle between the people and the throne. Margaret was a beautiful and intelligent woman with a good memory, and she had been well trained in papal doctrines. She brought with her teachers who would help her deal with the Celtic Church. She knew that it would be unwise to try to destroy the name of Columba so she began instead to pass laws against the customs and teachings of his church. Margaret began to do what had worked so well for the papacy in many other countries – she used the power of the throne to bring obedience to the Church.

A three-day religious congress was called. Margaret was the one in charge and the king gave his full support to his much-loved wife. She began with a law to enforce the Catholic Easter and then moved into the question as to why the Culdees used their native language for services rather than Latin as the Roman Church did. She protested against the Scots' day of worship. "'Let us,' she said, 'venerate the Lord's day, inasmuch as upon it our Saviour rose from the dead: let us do not servile work on that day.'" Truth Triumphant p. 113. Sunday laws were put in place and the inevitable persecution followed.

In 1130, Margaret's son, King David, ordered the Culdees to worship on Sunday or their lands would be taken away and the people expelled. The people chose to be loyal to God's law and had to move while their properties were given to the Sunday-keeping monks. However the Celtic Church's love for the Bible and their attention toward education and critical thinking sowed many seeds of truth. For a time those seeds were hidden but in the days of Wycliffe and later when the Reformation gained strength in England and Scotland they sprang up to flourish and bear fruit.

The godly life of Columba bore a heavy harvest. His life shows us what God can do with a person totally dedicated to Him. The enemies of truth could not erase the powerful influence of this great man. Even while persecuting God's commandment-keeping people. The Roman church had to do for Columba what they had done to Patrick – they made him a Roman saint.

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